Ukuthuthukisa Izinsimbi Zokukhiqiza Idivayisi Yezokwelapha

Ukwanda kwamacala e-COVID-19 kuholele esidingweni esiphezulu semishini yezokwelapha, okuphinde kwagcizelela ukubaluleka kokukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kubaklami nabakhiqizi bemishini yezokwelapha. Kubalulekile ukukhetha izinto ezifanele zezingxenye zezokwelapha namathuluzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenziseka, ikhwalithi, nokuhambisana nezindinganiso. Ukukhetha izinto ezifanele kunganikeza izinzuzo zokungabizi kakhulu nokuthembeka.

I-Metallic biomaterials noma izinsimbi zezokwelapha zisetshenziswe kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izinsiza zokuhlinza namathuluzi, okuhlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinketho ongakhetha kuzo. Ukuthuthuka ngempumelelo kwezinto ezifana ne-cobalt-chromium alloy, insimbi engagqwali, i-titanium, nama-alloys ahlukahlukene, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo okubanzi emkhakheni wamazinyo nokwelapha kwamathambo, kuqinisekise ngokuqinile ukubaluleka kwezinto zokwelapha eziyinsimbi ekukhiqizweni kwemishini yezokwelapha.

Uma udizayina amadivayisi ngezinjongo zokwelashwa nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abakhiqizi baqaphele ekukhetheni izinto zokusetshenziswa ezifanele. Ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezidingekayo zobunjiniyela zohlelo lokusebenza, izinto ezikhethiwe kufanele futhi ziqinisekise ukungabi khona kwanoma yiziphi izingozi ezingaba khona lapho zithinta umzimba womuntu noma amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene avame ukuhlangana nawo ezindaweni zomtholampilo. Ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kufanele kunikezwe kokubili izidingo zokusebenza kanye nokuhambisana kwezinto ezibonakalayo nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe.

Emikhakheni yezokwelapha neyokunakekelwa kwezempilo, izinsimbi eziningi ezihlanzekile kanye nama-alloys ensimbi kufakazele ukubaluleka kwazo. Lesi sihloko sizodlula ezinhlotsheni eziyishumi nantathu ezivame kakhulu ze-metallic biomaterials nezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwemishini yezokwelapha.

• Izinhlobo Eziyi-13 Zezinsimbi Zengxenye Yezokwelapha Nokukhiqiza Idivayisi

Ake sibone izinhlobo eziyishumi nantathu ezivame kakhulu zezinsimbi ezihlanzekile nama-alloys ensimbi, ukusetshenziswa kwazo, kanye nobuhle nobubi bazo emkhiqizweni wezokwelapha nokunakekelwa kwezempilo.

1. Insimbi Engagqwali

Insimbi engagqwali ifaneleka kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini yezokwelapha ngenxa yemvelo yayo engenabuthi, ayigqwali, futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingapholishwa kuze kube sekugcineni okuhle okungahlanzwa kalula. Njengoba insimbi engagqwali itholakala ngezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene, ngayinye inezakhiwo ezihlukile zemishini namakhemikhali, ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele kubalulekile.

I-316 kanye ne-316L insimbi engagqwali yizinhlobo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu izimila zezokwelapha nokubhoboza umzimba ngenxa yokumelana kwazo nokugqwala okukhethekile. Lesi sici sibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukugqwala kwegazi, okungaholela ezifweni kanye nemiphumela engase ibe yingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi engagqwali iqukethe izinhlobo ze-nickel ephansi ngakho-ke iziguli azivamile ukuhlushwa ukungezwani ne-nickel.

I-440 insimbi engagqwali ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amathuluzi okuhlinza. Nakuba ingase inikeze ukumelana nokugqwala okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-316, okuqukethwe kwayo kwekhabhoni ephezulu kuyakuvumelaukwelashwa ukushisa, okuholela ekudalweni kweimiphetho ebukhali ezifanele izinsimbi zokusika. Insimbi engagqwali ithola ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-orthopaedics, njengalapho kuhlanganisa amalunga enyonga kanye nokuzinza kwamathambo aphukile kusetshenziswa izikulufu namapuleti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amathuluzi okuhlinza ahlala isikhathi eside futhi ahlanzeke kalula njengama-hemostats, ama-tweezers, ama-forceps, nezinye izinto zokusebenza ezidinga kokubili ukuqina nokuba sterility.

Njengoba insimbi engagqwali ine-iron, engaholela ekugqwaleni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunengozi ezicutshini ezizungezile njengoba ukufakwa kwawo kuwohloka. Uma kuqhathaniswa, izinsimbi zezokwelapha ezifana ne-titanium noma i-cobalt chrome zinikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okukhulu. Nokho, qaphela ukuthi lezi ezinye izinsimbi zingabiza kakhulu.

2. Ithusi

Ngenxa yamandla ayo abuthaka uma kuqhathaniswa,ithusi ayisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukukhiqiza izinto zokuhlinza nezifakelo. Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo zayo eziphawulekayo zokulwa namagciwane kanye ne-antiviral zikwenza kube ukukhetha okuvame kakhulu emkhakheni wokuhlinzwa nokuvimbela izifo.

Ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwethusi ekufakweni kwezokwelapha akuvamile ngenxa yokuthamba kwayo kanye nobuthi obungaba khona ngaphakathi kwezicubu. Kodwa-ke, ama-alloys athile ethusi asasetshenziswa ekufakweni kwamazinyo nokunciphisa ubungozi bokuthelelekaukuhlinzwa kokufakelwa amathambo.

I-Copper iphumelela ngempela njengensimbi yezokwelapha ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezingavamile zokulwa namagciwane kanye ne-antibacterial. Lokhu kwenza ithusi libe into efanelekile ezindaweni ezithintwa njalo, njengezibambo zezicabha, ama-bed rails, namaswishi. Okuhlukanisa ithusi ukuthiI-FDAigunyaze ama-alloys ethusi angaphezu kuka-400 njenge-biocidal, ukuvimbela ngempumelelo ukudluliswa kwamagciwane afana ne-SARS-CoV-2.

Uma uvezwa endaweni ezungezile, ithusi elihlanzekile lingena kalula kwi-oxidation, okuholela kumbala oluhlaza okotshani. Naphezu kwalokhu, igcina izakhiwo zayo ze-antimicrobial. Nokho, abanye abantu bangase babone ukuguquguquka kombala njengokungathandeki. Ukubhekana nalokhu, ama-alloys asetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile, anikeze amazinga ahlukene okusebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nama-microbes. Enye inketho ukusebenzisa i-coatings yefilimu emincane ukuvimbela i-oxidation ngenkathi ulondoloza izakhiwo ze-antibacterial zethusi.

3. I-Titanium

I-Titanium ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezinsimbi ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imishini yezokwelapha. Ngaphandle kwemishini yezokwelapha yangaphakathi, iphinde isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izinto zangaphandle ezifana nezinsimbi zokuhlinza, okokusebenza kwamazinyo, nemishini yamathambo. I-titanium ehlanzekile, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-inert ngokwedlulele, iyindlela ebiza kakhulu evame ukugcinelwa izingxenye ezithembeke kakhulu noma lezo ezihloselwe ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngaphakathi komzimba wesiguli ngemva kokuhlinzwa.

Namuhla, i-titanium ivame ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni sensimbi engagqwali, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni izisekelo zamathambo nezinye ezithatha indawo. I-Titanium inamandla afanayo nokuqina kwensimbi engagqwali kuyilapho ilula ngesisindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhombisa izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ze-biocompatibility.

Ama-alloys e-Titanium afaneleka kakhulu ekufakweni kwamazinyo futhi. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi i-titanium ingasetshenziswa ngaphakathiukuphrinta kwensimbi ye-3D ukwenza izakhi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokugcwele ezisekelwe ekuhlolweni kwesiguli kanye nama-X ray. Lokhu kunika amandla isixazululo esifanelekile kanye nesomuntu siqu.

I-Titanium igqama ngemvelo yayo engasindi futhi eqinile, idlula insimbi engagqwali ngokwezinga lokugqwala. Noma kunjalo, kunemikhawulo ethile okufanele icatshangelwe. Ama-alloys e-Titanium angase abonise ukumelana okunganele kokukhathala okugoba ngaphansi kwemithwalo eguquguqukayo eqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma isetshenziswa kumajoyinti ashintshwayo, i-titanium ayikwazi ukumelana nokungqubuzana nokuguga.

4. I-Cobalt Chrome

Iqukethe i-chromium ne-cobalt,i-cobalt chrome iyingxubevange enikeza izinzuzo eziningana zezinsimbi zokuhlinza. Ukufaneleka kwayo kweUkuphrinta kwe-3DfuthiCNC imishini ivumela ukubunjwa okulula kwamafomu oyifunayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho,electropolishing isetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe indawo ebushelelezi, kuncishiswe ubungozi bokungcola. Ngezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana namandla, ukumelana nokugqoka, nokubekezelela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, i-cobalt chrome iphakathi kwezinketho eziphezulu zama-alloys ensimbi. I-biocompatibility yayo iyenza ilungele i-orthopedic prosthetics, ukushintshwa kwamalungu, kanye nokufakwa kwamazinyo.

I-cobalt chrome alloys yizinsimbi zezokwelapha ezibhekwa kakhulu ezisetshenziselwa ukushintshwa kwezisekelo zamahlombe. Kodwa-ke, kube nokukhathazeka mayelana nokukhululwa okungenzeka kwe-cobalt, i-chromium, ne-nickel ions egazini njengoba lezi zingxube ziphela kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

5. I-Aluminium

Akuvamile ukuthintana ngqo nomzimba,i-aluminium isalokhu isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okusekela adinga izakhiwo ezingasindi, eziqinile, nezimelana nokugqwala. Izibonelo zifaka ama-stents afakwa emthanjeni, izinti zokuhamba, amafreyimu embhede, izihlalo zabakhubazekile, nama-orthopedic stents. Ngenxa yokuthambekela kokugqwala noma ukwenza i-oxidize, izingxenye ze-aluminium ngokuvamile zidinga ukudweba noma izinqubo ze-anodizing ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqina kwazo nempilo yazo.

6. Magnesium

I-Magnesium alloys yizinsimbi zezokwelapha ezaziwa ngokukhanya kwazo okukhethekile namandla, afana nesisindo nokushuba kwamathambo emvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-magnesium ikhombisa i-biosafety njengoba yona ngokwemvelo nangokuphepha i-biodegrades ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Le ndawo iyenza ifanelekele ama-stents esikhashana noma ukushintshwa kwe-bone graft, eqeda isidingo sezinqubo zokususa zesibili.

Kodwa-ke, i-magnesium oxidizes ngokushesha, okudingekayoukwelashwa kwendawo . Ukwengeza, ukwenza imishini ye-magnesium kungaba yinselele futhi kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokugwema ukusabela okungase kube nokuguquguquka komoyampilo.

7. Igolide

Igolide, okungenzeka ukuthi ingenye yezinsimbi zezokwelapha zakuqala ezasetshenziswa, inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuhambisana kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukonakala kwayo kuvumela ukubunjwa kalula, okuyenza ibe yinketho edumile esikhathini esidlule ekulungisweni okuhlukahlukene kwamazinyo. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhuba awusavamile ukwanda, njengoba igolide selithathelwa indawoizinto zokwenziwaezimweni eziningi.

Nakuba igolide linezinto ezithile ze-biocidal, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izindleko zalo kanye nokungatholakali kwalo kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Ngokuvamile, igolide lisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezincanyana kakhulu kunegolide eliqinile. Izingqimba zegolide zivame ukutholakala kumakhondakta, izintambo, nezinye izakhi ze-elekthronikhi ezincane ezisetshenziswa ekufakweni kwe-electro-stimulation kanyeizinzwa.

8. IPlatinum

I-Platinum, enye insimbi ezinzile futhi engasebenzi, ibhekwa njengenketho enhle kakhulu yemishini yokuhlinza kanye nemishini ngenxa ye-biocompatibility yayo kanye nokusebenza okuyingqayizivele. Izintambo ezintekenteke zeplatinamu zithola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kuzifakeli zangaphakathi zika-elekthronikhi njengezinsiza-kuzwa nezihlinzeki-nhliziyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iplatinamu ithola ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuhlobene nokuphazamiseka kwezinzwa nokuqapha amaza obuchopho.

9. Isiliva

Ngokufanayo nethusi, isiliva linezinto ezingokwemvelo ezilwa namagciwane, okwenza libe yigugu ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene. Ithola usizo kuma-stents, nezigxivizo ezingawuthwali umthwalo, futhi ihlanganiswa ngisho nasezihlanganisweni zikasimende ezisetshenziselwa ukuplasta amathambo. Ukwengeza, isiliva ihlanganiswe ne-zinc noma ithusi ukukhiqiza ukugcwaliswa kwamazinyo.

10. I-Tantalum

I-Tantalum ibonisa izici eziphawulekayo ezifana nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukusebenza kahle kakhulu, ukumelana nama-acids nokugqwala, kanye nenhlanganisela ye-ductility namandla. Njengensimbi ye-refractory enezimbobo kakhulu, yenza kube lula ukukhula kwamathambo nokuhlanganiswa, okwenza kube ngokufanele izimila phambi kwethambo.

I-Tantalum ithola ukusetshenziswa kumathuluzi ezokwelapha ahlukahlukene kanye namakhasethi omaka wokuxilonga ngenxa yokungavikeleki kwayo oketshezini lomzimba kanye nokungagqwali. Ukufika kweUkuphrinta kwe-3Dyenze ukuthi i-tantalum isetshenziswe ekushintsheni amathambo e-cranial kanye namadivayisi wamazinyo afana nemiqhele nomaisikulufu okuthunyelwe. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yevelakancane nezindleko zayo, i-tantalum ivame ukusetshenziswa ezintweni eziyinhlanganisela esikhundleni sesimo sayo esimsulwa.

11. Nitinol

I-Nitinol iyingxubevange eyenziwe nge-nickel ne-titanium, eyaziwa ngokumelana nokugqwala okukhethekile kanye nokuhambisana kwayo nemvelo. Isakhiwo sayo esiyingqayizivele se-crystalline siyivumela ukuthi ibonise i-superelasticity kanye nomphumela wememori owenziwe. Lezi zakhiwo ziguqule imboni yemishini yezokwelapha ngokuvumela into ukuthi ibuyele esimweni sayo sasekuqaleni ngemva kokuguqulwa, ngokusekelwe ezingeni elithile lokushisa.

Ezinkambisweni zezokwelapha lapho ukunemba kubalulekile, i-nitinol inikeza ukuguquguquka kokuzulazula ezindaweni eziqinile kuyilapho igcina ukuqina ukuze imelane nobunzima obukhulu (kufika ku-8%). Imvelo yayo engasindi kanye nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kuyenza ibe inketho ekahle yokukhiqiza izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene ze-biomedical. Izibonelo zifaka izintambo ze-orthodontic, amahange amathambo, ama-staples, amadivaysi e-spacer, amathuluzi e-valve yenhliziyo, izintambo zokuqondisa, nama-stents. I-Nitinol ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukwakha izimpawu kanye nemigqa yokuxilonga yokuthola izimila zamabele, inikeze izinketho ezincane ezihlaselayo zokuxilongwa nokwelashwa komdlavuza webele.

12. Niobium

I-Niobium, insimbi ekhethekile ephikisayo, ithola ukusetshenziswa emishinini yesimanje yezokwelapha. Kuqashelwa ukungangeni kwayo okukhethekile kanye nokuhambisana kwayo nemvelo. Eceleni kwezimfanelo zayo ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kwe-thermal kanye nogesi, i-niobium ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izingxenye ezincane zama-pacemaker.

13. I-Tungsten

I-Tungsten ivamise ukusetshenziswa emishinini yezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni amashubhu ezinqubo ezihlasela kancane njenge-laparoscopy ne-endoscopy. Inikeza amandla emishini futhi ingafeza nesidingo se-radiopacity, iyenze ifaneleke izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhlola i-fluorescence. Ukwengeza, ukuminyana kwe-tungsten kudlula lokho komthofu, okuyenza ibe enye indlela evumelana nemvelo yezinto zokuvikela imisebe.

I-Biocompatible Materials Iyatholakala Kumadivayisi Ezokwelapha

Uma kukhulunywa ngezinto ezihambisana ne-biocompatible ezisetshenziswa kuzilungiselelo zokunakekelwa kwempilo, kufanele zihambisane nemibandela ethile okungenzeka ingasebenzi kweminye imikhiqizo.

Isibonelo, kudingeka zingabi nobuthi lapho zithinta izicubu zomuntu noma uketshezi lomzimba. Ukwengeza, kufanele babe nokumelana namakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukuvala inzalo, njengezihlanzi nezibulala-magciwane. Endabeni yezinsimbi zezokwelapha ezisetshenziselwa izimila, kufanele zingabi nobuthi, zingagqwali, futhi zingabi namandla kazibuthe. Ucwaningo luhlala luhlola ama-alloys ensimbi amasha, kanye nezinye izinto ezifanaipulasitikifuthii-ceramic , ukuhlola ukufaneleka kwazo njengezinto ezihambisana ne-biocompatible. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo zingase ziphephe ukuthintana naye isikhathi esifushane kodwa azifanele ukufakelwa unomphela.

Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka okuningi okuhilelekile, izinhlangano ezilawulayo ezifana ne-FDA e-United States, kanye nezinye izinhlangano zomhlaba, aziqinisekisi izinto zokusetshenziswa zemishini yezokwelapha ngesekhondi ngalinye. Kunalokho, ukuhlukaniswa kwabelwa umkhiqizo wokugcina esikhundleni sezinto zawo eziwumgogodla. Noma kunjalo, ukukhetha into ehambisana ne-biocompatible kuhlala kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nesibalulekile ekufinyeleleni ukuhlukaniswa okufunayo.

Kungani Izinsimbi Ziyizinto Ezikhethwayo Zezingxenye Zedivayisi Yezokwelapha?

Ezimweni lapho kudingeka khona amandla akhethekile nokuqina, izinsimbi, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni ezincane eziphambanayo, ngokuvamile yizona ezikhethwayo. Zizifanele kahle izingxenye ezidinga ukulolongwa noma zenziwe ngomshini zibe amafomu ayinkimbinkimbi, njengephenya , izindwani, namaphuzu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsimbi zihamba phambili ezingxenyeni zemishini ezisebenzisana nezinye izakhi zensimbi njengama-lever,amagiya , amaslayidi, namacupha. Zifanele futhi izakhi ezivala inzalo ekushiseni okuphezulu noma ezidinga izakhiwo eziphakeme zemishini nezomzimba uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezisekelwe ku-polymer.

Izinsimbi ngokuvamile zinikeza indawo ehlala isikhathi eside futhi ecwebezelayo esiza ukuhlanzwa kalula nokuvala inzalo. I-Titanium, ingxubevange ye-titanium, insimbi engagqwali, nama-nickel alloys athandwa kakhulu emishinini yezokwelapha ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuhlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zokuhlanza ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ngokuphambene, izinsimbi ezivamise ukuba ne-oxidation yendawo engalawuleki futhi eyonakalisayo, njengensimbi, i-aluminium, noma ithusi, ayifakwa ezinhlelweni ezinjalo. Lezi zinsimbi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ziziqhayisa ngezakhiwo ezihlukile, ukulinganiselwa okuthile, kanye nokuguquguquka okuhlukile. Ukusebenza ngalezi zinto kudinga izindlela zokuqamba ezintsha, ezingase zehluke kulezo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ngezinsimbi ezijwayelekile noma amapulasitiki, anikeze inqwaba yamathuba onjiniyela bemikhiqizo.

Amafomu Akhethwayo Enye Insimbi Esetshenziselwa Amadivayisi Ezokwelapha

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-alloys e-titanium, insimbi engagqwali, nama-alloys aqinile avame ukusetshenziswa embonini yezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa ipuleti, induku, i-foil, i-strip, ishidi, ibha, nocingo. Lawa mafomu ahlukene ayadingeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile zezingxenye zensiza yezokwelapha, ezivame ukuba zincane futhi zibe yinkimbinkimbi ngokwemvelo.

Ukwenza lezi zimo, zizenzekelaizitembu zokunyathelisa ngokuvamile bayaqashwa. Ama-strips nocingo yizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuqala zalolu hlobo lokucubungula. Lawa mafomu okugaya afika ngosayizi abahlukahlukene, anogqinsi lomugqa osukela kucwecwe elincanyana kakhulu ku-0.001 in. ukuya ku-0.125 in., futhi ucingo oluyisicaba lutholakala ngogqinsi luka-0.010 kuya ku-0.100 in., nobubanzi obungu-0.150 in. ukuya ku-0.750 in. .

Okucatshangwayo Ngokusebenzisa Izinsimbi Ekwenziweni Kwamadivayisi Ezokwelapha

Kulo mkhakha, sizodlula ezintweni ezine ezibalulekile lapho kusetshenziswa izinsimbi ekwenzeni izinsiza zezokwelapha, okuwumshini, ukwakheka, ukulawula ubulukhuni, kanyeukuphela kwendawo.

1. Ukwenza imishini

Izakhiwo zemishini ye-6-4 alloy icishe ifane naleyo yensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, ngazo zombili izinto ezilinganisa cishe ama-22% ensimbi ye-AISI B-1112. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-titanium isabela nge-carbide tooling, futhi lokhu kusabela kuqiniswa ukushisa. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukusebenzisa izikhukhula ezinzima ngoketshezi lokusika lapho ukhiqiza i-titanium.

Kubalulekile ukugwema ukusebenzisa uketshezi oluqukethe i-halogen, njengoba lungadala ingozi yokugqwala kwengcindezi uma lungasuswa kahle ngemva kokusebenza komshini.

2. Ukuhleleka

Ama-stampers ngokuvamile akhetha izinto ezilula ukubanda. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwakheka kuhlobene ngokuphambene nezakhiwo ezithile abathengi abazifunayo lapho bekhetha lezi zingxubevange, njengokuqina okuhle kakhulu namandla.

Isibonelo, izinto eziyisisekelo zokuhlinzwa zidinga ukuba namandla amakhulu okuvimbela ukuhlukana, ngisho noma kunesiphambano esincane kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, kufanele zibe nokuhleleka ngokwedlulele ukuze zivumele odokotela abahlinzayo ukuthi bazivale ngokuqinile ngaphandle kokudinga amathuluzi ayisisekelo ahlaselayo.

Ukuzuza ibhalansi phakathi kwamandla nokuhleleka kungafezwa ngokuphumelelayo phakathi nesigaba sokubhaliswa kabusha. Ngokugoqa ngokucophelela umugqa uye kugeji oyifunayo futhi usebenzise ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwamaphasi ukuze kuliwe nemithelela yokuqina komsebenzi, kufinyelelwa izinga eliphezulu lokubumba.

Ama-rerollers asebenzisa inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa ngokushintshana kanyeukugoqa okubandayoukuhlinzeka ngento eyakhayo efaneleka kahle ukwakheka, ukudweba, kanye nokushaya ngesibhakela kusetshenziswa imishini evamile yokugxiviza ama-multislide kanye ne-multidie.

Nakuba i-ductility ye-titanium nama-alloys ayo ingase ibe ngaphansi kunaleyo yezinye izinsimbi zesakhiwo ezivame ukusetshenziswa, imikhiqizo ye-strip isengakhiwa kalula ekamelweni lokushisa, nakuba ngenani eliphansi kunensimbi engagqwali.

Ngemuva kokwakheka okubandayo, i-titanium ikhombisa ukubuya ngenxa yemodulus yayo ephansi yokunwebeka, ecishe ibe yingxenye yensimbi. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izinga le-spring back likhuphuka ngamandla ensimbi.

Lapho imizamo yokushisa kwegumbi inganele, ukwenza imisebenzi kungenziwa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme njengoba i-ductility ye-titanium ikhuphuka ngezinga lokushisa. Ngokuvamile, imichilo ye-titanium engahlanganisiwe namashidi akheke ngendlela ebandayo.

Nokho, kukhona okuhlukileama-alpha alloys , ezishiselwa ngezikhathi ezithile emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-600°F kuya ku-1200°F ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubuya kwentwasahlobo. Kuhle ukuqaphela ukuthi ngale kuka-1100°F, i-oxidation yezindawo ze-titanium iba yinto ekhathazayo, ngakho-ke kungase kudingeke umsebenzi wokwehlisa izinga.

Njengoba i-cold-welding ye-titanium iphakeme kuneyensimbi engagqwali, ukuthambisa okufanele kubalulekile lapho kwenziwa noma yikuphi ukuhlinzwa okuhlanganisa i-titanium ehlangana nayo.insimbi iyafanoma izinto zokwakha.

3. Ukulawula Ukuqina

Ukusebenzisa inqubo yokugoqa kanye ne-annealing ukuze kuzuzwe ibhalansi phakathi kokwakheka namandla kuma-alloys. Ngokuhlanganisa phakathi kwephasi ngayinye egoqayo, imiphumela yokuqina komsebenzi iyaqedwa, okuholela entukuthelweni oyifunayo egcina amandla wento esebenzayo kuyilapho ihlinzeka ngokwakheka okudingekayo.

Ukuze uhlangabezane nokucaciswa okuqinile futhi unciphise izindleko, ochwepheshe kuHUAYI GROUP ingasiza ekukhetheni i-alloy futhi inikeze izixazululo ezibanzi kumishini yakho yensimbi yezokwelapha. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-alloys anenhlanganisela oyifunayo yezakhiwo, ehambisana nezidingo ezithile kanye nemikhawulo.

4. I-Surface Qeda

Ngesikhathi sesiteji sokuphinda kubhalwe, ukuqedwa okungaphezulu kwemikhiqizo ye-titanium-based kanye nensimbi engagqwali kuyanqunywa. Abaklami banezinketho ezihlukahlukene abangakhetha kuzo, okuhlanganisa ukuphela okukhanyayo nokucwebezelayo, indawo ye-matte ehambisa ukudluliswa kokugcoba, noma ezinye izindawo ezikhethekile ezidingekayo ngezinjongo zokubopha, ukubhula, noma ukushisela.

Iziphetho ezingaphezulu zidalwe ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaroli omsebenzi kanye nezinto ezikumshini wokugaya. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa i-carbide rolls epholishelwe kakhulu kubangela ukugqama kwesibuko nokucwebezelayo, kuyilapho amaroli ensimbi aqhunyiswa ngokudutshulwa akhiqiza ukugqibeka kwe-matte okunobudlabha obungu-20-40 µin. I-RMS. Amaroli e-carbide aqhunyiswe amashothi ahlinzeka ngokuqeda okubuthuntu nge-18-20 µin. Ubunzima be-RMS.

Le nqubo iyakwazi ukukhiqiza indawo enobunzima obufika ku-60 µin. I-RMS, emele izinga eliphezulu uma kuqhathaniswaubuhwaqane obungaphezulu.

Izinsimbi Ezisetshenziswa Ngokujwayelekile kanye nama-alloys ezicelo zezokwelapha

Insimbi engagqwali, i-titanium, nama-alloys asekelwe ku-nickel kuthathwa njengezinto ezithuthuke kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezivamile. Kodwa-ke, futhi aletha uhla olubanzi lwamakhono etafuleni. Lezi zinto zinamandla okushintsha izici zazo zemishini ngezinqubo ezifana nokushisisa, ukupholisa, nokucisha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa, bangabhekana nezinye izinguquko njengoba kudingeka. Isibonelo, ukugingqa izinsimbi zibe amageji azacile kungakhuphula ubulukhuni bazo, kuyilapho ukudonsa kungabuyisela izici zazo esimweni esinembile, okuvumela ukubunjwa ngendlela engabizi kakhulu.

Lezi zinsimbi zisebenza kahle kuizicelo zezokwelapha . Bakhombisa ukumelana nokugqwala okukhethekile, banamandla okusebenza aphezulu, banikeza izinhlobonhlobo zezinketho zokwelapha ezingaphezulu, futhi bahlinzeka ngokuguquguquka okuhle kakhulu kokukhiqiza uma abaklami sebejwayelene nobunkimbinkimbi babo.

Isiphetho

Lapho ukhiqiza imishini yezokwelapha, kubalulekile ukukhetha ngokucophelela izinsimbi ezifanele. Izinsimbi ezivame ukusetshenziswa kule njongo zihlanganisa insimbi engagqwali, i-titanium, i-cobalt chrome, ithusi, i-tantalum, neplatinamu. Lezi zinsimbi zikhethwa ngenxa ye-biocompatibility yazo enhle kakhulu kanye nokuqina. Nakuba i-palladium nayo ithola ukuqashelwa, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kulinganiselwe ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphezulu. Sithemba ukuthi lo mhlahlandlela uzokusiza ekutholeni insimbi efanelekile egcwalisa amaphrojekthi akho ezokwelapha noma izinhlelo zokusebenza.